DC acknowledges financial support by the Fund for Innovation and Competitiveness (FIC) of the Chilean Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism, through the Millennium Scientific Initiative, Grant number IS 130005-MIDAP. CR-S, DC and MAF thank CONICYT: Anillo en Complejidad Social SOC-1101. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedįunding: CR-S and MAF thank grant from Universidad del Desarrollo: Proyecto Interfacultades. Received: AugAccepted: AugPublished: September 29, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Rodriguez-Sickert et al. However, social influence is not strong enough to seriously hamper individual discovery, and can act so as to empower successful individual pioneers who have conquered the new and superior paradigm.Ĭitation: Rodriguez-Sickert C, Cosmelli D, Claro F, Fuentes MA (2015) The Underlying Social Dynamics of Paradigm Shifts. For this parameter region, nevertheless, a conservative force is exerted by the representatives of the current paradigm. The occurrence of a paradigm shift becomes more likely when each member of the community attaches a small but positive weight to the experience of his/her peers. The efficiency of the search process is heavily dependent on the weight that agents posit on social influence. We find that the combination of these two forces together with random experimentation can account for both i) marginal change, that is, periods of normal science or refinements on the performance of a given technology (and in which the community stays in the neighborhood of the current paradigm) and ii) radical change, which takes the form of scientific paradigm shifts (or discontinuities in the structure of performance of a technology) that is observed as a swift migration of the knowledge community towards the new and superior paradigm. In the proposed model, agents learn in a physical-technological landscape, and weight is attached to both individual search and social influence. The services must also ensure that space and cyber elements of warfighting are considered at the very beginning of their planning processes, Dickinson said.We develop here a multi-agent model of the creation of knowledge (scientific progress or technological evolution) within a community of researchers devoted to such endeavors. and allies forces access to space and help defend the space domain. However, being “space savvy” doesn’t just mean having capabilities that give U.S. Those include the Army and Navy’s AN/TPY-2 radar and maritime platforms like the Navy’s Aegis combat system, he said. Spacecom is also working to leverage current capabilities deployed by the services that will give the command enhanced space domain awareness and expand the entire joint force’s ability to engage with adversaries, he said. The deployed units are equipped with various non-kinetic effects, such as electronic warfare and cyber, and give the Army an “organic ability to have or create space effects,” he added. The Army’s multi-domain task forces are an example of how one service is approaching the challenge correctly, Dickinson said. They should consider having organic capabilities in their respective operational domains that are able to create space effects to support their mission areas, he added. “The fight for and from space is inherently joint and demands a space-savvy force … that is resilient enough to fight through a degraded environment - maybe even a denied environment - while also positioned to help gain and maintain space superiority.”ĭickinson emphasized that in order to maintain space superiority, each of the services needs to understand their vulnerabilities related to the space domain. “That fight may very well start in space, so our ability to hold our adversaries at risk and create security dilemmas and ultimately deter them requires a joint, combined and partnered approach,” he said.
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